經(jīng)過長時(shí)間的教學(xué)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論是從官方題庫還是考試真題，我們都能根據(jù)一些“蛛絲馬跡”，從中找到規(guī)律，去應(yīng)對我們最怕、“所謂”最難的話題。agree同意型的文章并不難寫，因?yàn)橹灰�找到其合理性就好。根�?jù)黑格爾哲學(xué)原理，“存在即合理”，凡事合乎理性的東西都是現(xiàn)實(shí)的，凡事現(xiàn)實(shí)的東西都是合乎理性的。所以大部分學(xué)生在寫agree or disagree文章時(shí)，會(huì)傾向于同意。這也是筆者上課的主流思想。但是對于高分同學(xué)而言，順應(yīng)“潮流”顯然埋沒了出彩點(diǎn)。那么，我們不妨“反其道而行”，看看如何完成一篇disagree的優(yōu)質(zhì)文章。
誠如上文所言，disagree的文章不僅要指出題目的“錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)”，而且還需要提出自己認(rèn)為對的邏輯關(guān)系。那么常見的錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)有哪些呢?有可能是題干中的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，也有可能是話題太絕對，又或者題目現(xiàn)象沒有實(shí)際理論基礎(chǔ)等等。這便是很多同學(xué)難以形成連貫思路的原因。
對此，我們先分析題目的錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)會(huì)有哪些具體體現(xiàn)。
1. 邏輯錯(cuò)誤。托福個(gè)別題目會(huì)體現(xiàn)兩者聯(lián)系性內(nèi)容，即將A與B形成關(guān)聯(lián)。我們來看一道例題：
"When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success." Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.(出自官方題庫OG)
顯然，本題分析人的成功與運(yùn)氣，努力工作的關(guān)系，用nothing來進(jìn)行對應(yīng)。針對這篇文章，推薦的方法是先對兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞本身進(jìn)行定義說明：1. 運(yùn)氣指的是什么?運(yùn)氣能給我?guī)�來什�?準(zhǔn)確的說，它是一種機(jī)遇，較高的成功概率。2. 怎么樣才算成功?事業(yè)有成，成為某一領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)頭人還是擁有至高無上的權(quán)利，亦或是達(dá)到、超越個(gè)人目標(biāo)?經(jīng)過分析發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間不存在直接的因果關(guān)系，即因?yàn)檫\(yùn)氣好，所以成功;或者運(yùn)氣不好，而不會(huì)成功，都是不成立的。它們之間的邏輯存在間接對象。因此，本題的文章結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是：
Ø Introduction:
Success, an abstract concept captivating vast of individuals, stems from the hard work as generally recognized. Thus, those who endeavor to achieve success in work or study believe ceaseless effort instead of luck result in success, which I would not support.
Ø Body 1 (concession):
Although success comes a lot from diligence, it is not the only key factor for success.
Ø Body 2:
Luck is an advantage when seeking jobs, among the fierce competition.
Ø Body 3:
Luck is indispensable at the opportunities that a star desires to be successful.
Ø Conclusion:
Overall, when a person needs to be successful, whether career or study, the emphasis on hard work puts luck on the situation rather than necessity.
上述內(nèi)容交代了段落論點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。邏輯錯(cuò)誤可以在開頭里就給出定義，在我們認(rèn)知的框架中進(jìn)行說理，這不僅有利于考官對你的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)同，更重要的是幫助自己定位，避免偏跑題。
我們再來分析一篇托福獨(dú)立寫作題目：
Many schools demand that the students should wear uniform. Some people think that such a practice undermines students' personality and individuality. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?
按照上述思路，找到題目中的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞：穿校服和學(xué)生個(gè)性。1. 穿校服的作用是什么?對學(xué)校而言，有哪些好處?對學(xué)生呢?2. 學(xué)生的個(gè)性是如何形成的?什么因素會(huì)影響個(gè)性?
第一個(gè)問題的回答可以構(gòu)建起我們寫作的主體段落論點(diǎn)，第二個(gè)問題回答可以作為理由反駁題目中的“undermine”這層關(guān)系。
Ø Introduction:
Most schools in China mandate the wearing of uniforms...
Ø Body 1:
Students are in no danger of losing their individuality by wearing uniforms.
Ø Body 2:
Uniform gives the students a sense of community.
Ø Body 3:
It saves them a lot of time and money.
Ø Conclusion:
Uniform acts as an equalizer, contributing to the equality among students.
以及下一篇話題：
Some people think that people will forget their own tradition and history because they no longer wear their traditional costumes. Do you agree or disagree?
構(gòu)思(主體段)：
Ø People's preference to certain kinds of apparel has little to do with their attachment to their history and tradition.(指出題干中的邏輯錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn))
Ø The abandoning of traditional clothes is sometimes necessitated by the changing lifestyle.
Ø Traditional costume is only one reminder of one's tradition, and education plays a far more important role in enhancing one's understanding of one's history and culture.
另外兩篇的文章分析，向大家清楚地展示了，當(dāng)邏輯漏洞在話題中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該形成否定態(tài)度和相應(yīng)的論述方式。盡管有邏輯錯(cuò)誤的題干較少出現(xiàn)在托福的作文中，但仍值得大家研究，因?yàn)榭忌鷤冊谄綍r(shí)對反駁類的文章接觸比較少，缺乏足夠的訓(xùn)練，導(dǎo)致在考試中發(fā)揮失利。普遍而言，我們都傾向于聆聽他人想法，在肯定的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)表自己的態(tài)度和意見。然而，argumentation辯論性文章的反駁特征，正是今后考生需要注意和學(xué)習(xí)的。
接下來，為了更好地讓考生們明白寫作的具體內(nèi)容，筆者將就上述分析的第二篇題目進(jìn)行寫作，希望對大家有所幫助。
Most schools in China mandate the wearing of uniforms, with support from parent and government. However, some reckon that students' personality and individuality would be undermined as the prevalence of wearing uniform, which to my mind, is inconceivable and can not hold any water as following reasons.
Actually, students are in no danger of losing their individuality by wearing uniform. This is because their characters are developed under the long term influence of family background, parenting, schooling and social environment. To say that the uniform policy represses the natural development of students' individual character is unreasonable, at least no direct relation between both. What school emphasizes is to create a better learning atmosphere without too much self-center and peacockery.
First, the primary reason that schools demand uniform system lies in cultivation of a good sense of community. For students, whether underage or young adults, it is conducive to foster the identity of what a student should do, letting them realize the theirresponsibility and thus avoiding mistaken behaviors, such as violence and committing crimes. For example, when wearing in uniform, students fret about surfing the Internet on bar or smoke in public place, not because of risk of being caught, but self-discipline, more attention on personal behaviors. These attitudes are necessitated in today' education, apart from instructing knowledge.
In addition, the uniform dress policy spreads the concept of conservation and simplicity, so that more stress should be laid on study, instead of making them up in a fashionable way. The current society is teeming with materialistic and capitalistic thought, which would induce youngsters to overvalue outer appearance. This is not rare in Chinese high school, where most students wear clothes or shoes with famous brands like Addidas, Yeeze and Air Jardon. This "keep-up with Jones" not only misleads the pedagogical ideas, but increases family burden. It leads to a great waste of resources such as materials, fund and labor as well. Thus, to lesson peer pressure, many schools require their students to wear in uniform.
In conclusion, without suggesting that individuality and characteristic are personal features, I reckon its formation has no direct links with the police of wearing school uniform, which acts as an equalizers, helping them concentrate on study and avoid unnecessary comparison.