在聽力課中介紹結(jié)構(gòu)層次筆記法的時(shí)候同學(xué)們通常能夠理解聽懂層次是為了定位到聽力文章的出題層次，把握文章的主要邏輯，并通過明確的層次概念排除不在該層次的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，提高得出正確選項(xiàng)的機(jī)率。然而很多同學(xué)都會(huì)有疑惑，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)又有什么用呢?把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有什么意義?今天的老師們就和大家一起來解讀一下結(jié)構(gòu)的意義。
相信大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)托福聽力和國(guó)內(nèi)四六級(jí)考試以及中高考聽力之間的核心區(qū)別并不在于考試形式是機(jī)考還是紙質(zhì)考試，難點(diǎn)在于托福聽力考試信息量較大，內(nèi)容涵蓋各類學(xué)科，涉及生詞多，最重要的是我們無法在考試前看到題目，而在考試緊張的狀態(tài)下大部分同學(xué)是無法一字不漏地聽懂原文的，所以我們需要最大程度地去預(yù)測(cè)出題點(diǎn)，預(yù)測(cè)筆記的重點(diǎn)，思考出題人會(huì)在哪些點(diǎn)出題以及會(huì)以怎樣的形式出題，這樣才能讓我們更從容應(yīng)對(duì)難度日益加大的托福聽力考試。
所以除了通過出題原則和信號(hào)詞去預(yù)判可能出現(xiàn)的出題點(diǎn)，通過層次去篩選選項(xiàng)之外，我們聽文章結(jié)構(gòu)的意義在于根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)把握重要的出題原則并預(yù)測(cè)該出題原則的出題形式，從而更好地把握住一些易失分的細(xì)節(jié)信息點(diǎn)。
首先我們以TPO1LECTURE4為例，這篇講座是很典型的比較結(jié)構(gòu)文章，文中比較了Eastern Marmot和Olympic Marmot的動(dòng)物行為，在聽音過程中大多數(shù)同學(xué)也都能夠預(yù)測(cè)到這篇文章可以通過文章的比較結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)判文章可能會(huì)考察比較原則，即考察兩種marmot在動(dòng)物行為方面的不同，而該篇講座也以配對(duì)題的形式考察了比較原則，題目如下：
3.Drag the appropriate deion of each marmot species' behavior to the box below the marmot's name.
Click on a phrase. Then drag it to the space where it belongs.
Eastern MarmotOlympic Marmot
One of the phrases will not be used
displays aggressive tendencies
is family oriented
says active during the winter
在原文中先對(duì)Easternmarmots進(jìn)行了描述they are really territorial, and loners, and just so aggressive even with other Easternmarmots. And their mating rituals just so impersonal.而在Olympic Marmot部分原文不僅描述了Olympic Marmot的特點(diǎn)是they live together as a family and take care of their young until they are at least two yearsold. They’re really friendly with each other. And what I really like is that they even have greetingceremonies. 原文緊接著重復(fù)了上文對(duì)于Easternmarmots的描述，And they are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots.把兩者進(jìn)行了比較，所以同學(xué)們可以輕松得出，Eastern Marmot匹配的特點(diǎn)是第二條displays aggressive tendencies, 而Olympic Marmot對(duì)應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)是第三條is family oriented。
然而比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的出題形式并不只以簡(jiǎn)單的單個(gè)匹配呈現(xiàn)，還有更為復(fù)雜的配對(duì)題變體，如多項(xiàng)的表格題。相較單個(gè)配對(duì)題，多項(xiàng)表格題的考察就更加細(xì)致，我們以TPO5LECTURE4的表格題為例，從文章一開頭的介紹：Now we can't really talk about fairy tales without first talking about folk talesbecause there's a strong connection between these two genres, these twotypes of stories.我們就可以直觀了解到這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是屬于比較結(jié)構(gòu)，針對(duì)比較結(jié)構(gòu)的文章我們不但需要記錄比較的點(diǎn)，對(duì)于文中提及的各種文體的特點(diǎn)都需要記錄清楚。如果我們只是單純等待文章中出現(xiàn)fairy tales和folk tales才去記錄不同點(diǎn)的話可能會(huì)錯(cuò)失表格題中的一些細(xì)節(jié)。
Q5. In the lecture, the professor discusses characteristics of folktales and fairy tales, indicate the characteristics of each type of the tale.
Click in the correct boxes. This question is worth two points.
folktalesfairy tales
Their appeal is now mainly to children √
The plot is the only stable element√
The tales are transmitted orally√
There is one accepted version √
Characters are well developed √
The language is relatively formal √
按照文章組織的結(jié)構(gòu)和層次來講，在第一個(gè)層次介紹folktale時(shí)就羅列了folktale的一系列特點(diǎn)，如Well, they are old stories, traditional stories. They were passed down orallywithin cultures from generation to generation, so they changed a lot over time.在此處原文提到了folktale的兩大特點(diǎn)：一個(gè)是old, 還有一點(diǎn)是passed down orally, 而oral正好對(duì)應(yīng)了表格中的第三條The tales are transmitted orally。
另外在講folktale的特點(diǎn)時(shí)還提到So essentially the same tale couldbe told in different communities, with certain aspects of the tale adapted to fitthe specific community.Um, not the plot, the details of what happens in thestory would remain constant.這里提到folktale的plot不會(huì)改變對(duì)應(yīng)表格中的第二條，The plot is the only stable element也是同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲈擃}時(shí)較易忽略的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。
第二層中介紹fairy tales, 先提到了一些基本特點(diǎn)如：less realistic、royalty、location unspecified等。當(dāng)學(xué)生問及在關(guān)于fairy tale是否是oral folk tale時(shí)，教授解釋到These were eventually published as fairytales, but not before undergoing a process of evolution.Now, a number of things happen when an oral tale gets written down. First, thelanguage changes. It becomes more formal, more standard. 此處對(duì)應(yīng)表格題第六條The language is relatively formal.
比較完語(yǔ)言之后緊接著通過比較folk tales和fairytales, 得出fairytales的特點(diǎn)，在版本方面when an orallytransmitted story is written down, an authoritative version with a recognizedauthor is created.對(duì)應(yīng)表格中的第四條There is one accepted version. 在角色塑造上deions of characters and settings can be developedmore completely.對(duì)應(yīng)第五條Characters are well developed. 最后比較了兩者的目標(biāo)觀眾，原文提到Who thestories are meant for? Contrary to what many people believe today, folk taleswere originally intended for adults, not for children. So why is it that fairy talesseem targeted toward children nowadays? fairy tales的目標(biāo)觀眾是children對(duì)應(yīng)第一條Their appeal is now mainly to children。
從這篇講座我們可以看出配對(duì)表格題比單一的配對(duì)題考察得更加細(xì)致，聽到比較結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，我們?cè)谧龉P記時(shí)，不僅僅需要關(guān)注比較的部分，更要細(xì)心地關(guān)注到文章提及的兩個(gè)比較主體之間各自的特點(diǎn)。做好預(yù)測(cè)和記錄，把握結(jié)構(gòu)和出題點(diǎn)，將配對(duì)表格題一網(wǎng)打盡!